# Evidence: surface-normalized dissolution rate

Parent: — · class: transport and absorption · names merged here: surface area normalized dissolution rate; surface normalized dissolution rate; surface-normalized dissolution rate

5 papers measured or used it, 0 only mentioned it (of 207 kept papers). Papers in year order; each section heading ends with the paper's category / subcategory. Generated by tools/build_evidence.py from registry/concepts.csv and the cards; do not edit.

## 2020 Li — Water-induced phase separation of spray dried amorphous solid dispersions · ASD process / ASD process

[2020-li-water-induced-phase-separation-spray-dried-asd-ritonavir-pvpva](../../../cards/2020-li-water-induced-phase-separation-spray-dried-asd-ritonavir-pvpva/paper.html) · ASD process / ASD process · measured · as: surface normalized dissolution rate

| id | kind | content | locator |
|---|---|---|---|
| R10 | record, measured | surface normalized dissolution rate (mg·min⁻¹·cm⁻¹; bars = mean, error bar upper end shown; n = 3) — SDDs by DL and spray solvent; neat amorphous RTV (P9) — sub-table below; text: at 25% DL methanol SDD highest; 10% water "decreased the surface normalized dissolution rate by nearly half", 60% water to "about a quarter of the original value"; 25% DL rates more than 100 times those of 50% and 75% DL; 75% DL similar to neat amorphous drug; 50% DL slightly higher than neat drug; no significant solvent effect at 50% and 75% DL | Fig. 9, p.23; text p.23-24 |
| R11 | record, measured | SNDR versus XPS surface %RTV (points as labelled in the figure) — SDDs of R10; x values match the C 1s column of R7 — sub-table below | Fig. 10, p.26 |
| E13 | equation | surface normalized dissolution rate: SNDR = slope of drug concentration versus time, normalized by the surface area of the dissolving front of the tablet and by the DL | p.11-12 |

## 2020 Saboo — Congruent release of drug and polymer from amorphous solid dispersions: insights into the role of drug-polymer hydrogen bonding, surface crystallization and glass transition · Dissolution / A. Release mechanism and LoC

[2020-saboo-congruent-release-hbond-crystallization-tg-pvpva-asd](../../../cards/2020-saboo-congruent-release-hbond-crystallization-tg-pvpva-asd/paper.html) · Dissolution / A. Release mechanism and LoC · measured · as: surface area normalized dissolution rate

| id | kind | content | locator |
|---|---|---|---|
| R3 | record, measured | surface-normalized release rate, 0-5 min (mg/min/cm², by E1; bars mean, error bars SD, n = 3) — ASD tablets 5-25% DL, neat PVPVA, amorphous drug; 37 °C, 100 rpm (P5); IND in M5, INDester in M6 — sub-table below (bar heights ≈, read from Fig. 2); text: amorphous IND alone 0.002 mg/min/cm²; amorphous INDester alone not determined (solution concentrations below HPLC detection limit); PVPVA alone ~3.5 mg/min/cm², around 1700 times faster than amorphous IND | Fig. 2, p.14; text p.13-14 |
| E1 | equation | surface-normalized dissolution rate (intrinsic dissolution rate per component): R = (k × V)/(S × x) | p.8 |
| P5 | method | surface-normalized (rotating disk) dissolution | p.7-8, p.14 |

## 2022 Correasoto — Role of surfactants in improving release from higher drug loading amorphous solid dispersions · Dissolution / A. Release mechanism and LoC

[2022-correa-soto-surfactants-higher-drug-loading-atazanavir-pvpva-asds](../../../cards/2022-correa-soto-surfactants-higher-drug-loading-atazanavir-pvpva-asds/paper.html) · Dissolution / A. Release mechanism and LoC · measured · as: surface normalized dissolution rate

| id | kind | content | locator |
|---|---|---|---|
| E1 | equation | surface-normalized dissolution rate: R = k/(S × x) | p.3 |
| R3 | record, measured | normalized release rate of ATZ and PVPVA (mg/min·cm², E1; mean, error bars SD, n = 3) — 10% DL ASDs with additives as R2, 37 °C; intrinsic dissolution rate of neat PVPVA — sub-table below; text: VP ~50-fold increase in release rate over the binary 10% DL ASD | Fig. 3, p.5; text p.3 |
| R7 | record, measured | normalized release rate (mg/min·cm², E1), 37 vs 55 °C (mean, error bars SD, n = 3) — ASDs as R6; neat PVPVA — sub-table below | Fig. 7, p.6 |

## 2022 Hiew — Combining drug salt formation with amorphous solid dispersions – a double edged sword · Dissolution / A. Release mechanism and LoC

[2022-hiew-combining-drug-salt-formation-asd-double-edged-sword](../../../cards/2022-hiew-combining-drug-salt-formation-asd-double-edged-sword/paper.html) · Dissolution / A. Release mechanism and LoC · measured · as: surface normalized dissolution rate

| id | kind | content | locator |
|---|---|---|---|
| R12 | record, derived (relation named, not printed: slope of the linear portion of the concentration-time profile per exposed area) | surface-normalized drug release rate (mg·min−1·cm−2, mean, error bars one SD, n = 3) — ASDs of R10 with measurable release, 37 °C (P8); no bars for tosylate 15%, camsylate 15%, HCl 25% and sulfate 10-35% DL — sub-table below; text: all formulations with near complete drug release had rates higher than 3 mg·min−1·cm−2 | Fig. 8, p.54; text p.52 |
| P8 | method | surface-normalized dissolution of ASD compacts | p.49, p.52; Figs. 7-10 |
| C17 | claim, conclusion, authors: asserted | All formulations with near complete drug release had surface-normalized release rates above 3 mg·min−1·cm−2 [rests on: R12, R10] | p.52 |

## 2022 Hiew — Balancing Solid-State Stability and Dissolution Performance of Lumefantrine Amorphous Solid Dispersions: The Role of Polymer Choice and Drug−Polymer Interactions · Solid state stability / Miscibility and drug-polymer interactions

[2022-hiew-lumefantrine-asd-stability-dissolution-polymer-choice](../../../cards/2022-hiew-lumefantrine-asd-stability-dissolution-polymer-choice/paper.html) · Solid state stability / Miscibility and drug-polymer interactions · measured · as: surface-normalized dissolution rate

| id | kind | content | locator |
|---|---|---|---|
| R13 | record, measured | surface-normalized dissolution rates (mg·min−1·cm−2, mean with SD, n = 3) and polymer/drug ratio — P9; pH 6.8 buffer, 37 °C, 100 rpm — sub-table below; Fig. 4 and the polymer series of Fig. 11 plot the same values | Table 2, p.400; Fig. 4, p.401; Fig. 11, p.407 |
| P9 | method | surface-normalized (intrinsic) dissolution of compacts | p.395, p.400 |
| X7 | extractor note | ambiguous or unstated condition — How the surface-normalized rates were calculated (time window, initial slope or whole profile, normalization) is not printed. Drug rates far above what a compact of that DL could deliver by mass (5% DL PVPVA: 3.68 mg·min−1·cm−2 of lumefantrine) and ratios near 1 imply each rate is normalized by that component's weight fraction (extractor inference). PVPVA profiles plateau at ≈25 min while enteric profiles are linear over 2 h, so the rate windows likely differ — R13, P9, R9, R11 — compare rates within this paper only; treat them as per-component, DL-normalized rates |  |