# Evidence: spherulitic growth

Parent: crystal growth · class: kinetics · names merged here: spherulitic crystal growth; spherulitic growth

11 papers measured or used it, 0 only mentioned it (of 207 kept papers). Papers in year order; each section heading ends with the paper's category / subcategory. Generated by tools/build_evidence.py from registry/concepts.csv and the cards; do not edit.

## 2006 Konno — Influence of Different Polymers on the Crystallization Tendency of Molecularly Dispersed Amorphous Felodipine · Solid state stability / Physical stability

[2006-konno-felodipine-polymer-crystallization-nucleation-solid-dispersions](../../../cards/2006-konno-felodipine-polymer-crystallization-nucleation-solid-dispersions/paper.html) · Solid state stability / Physical stability · measured · as: spherulitic crystal growth

| id | kind | content | locator |
|---|---|---|---|
| R1 | record, measured | appearance of spin-coated film under polarized light — felodipine alone (P1), 22 °C, 0% RH — just after preparation: optically transparent film, no birefringence; after several days: approximately spherical birefringent crystallites (three in Fig. 1b, scale bar 100 µm); text: similar results for all samples prepared by spin coating | Fig. 1, p.2695; text p.2696 |
| R2 | record, measured | morphology of crystallites grown from the films — 22 °C; (a) felodipine alone, (b) 3% HPMCAS, (c) 3% PVP, (d) 3% HPMC (scale bars 50 µm) — felodipine alone: crystallite with a smooth interface to the amorphous phase and uniform circular spherulitic growth; with polymer: irregular boundaries, dark points ("droplets") on the crystallites forming ring-like patterns and present at the crystal edges, most clearly with 3% HPMCAS (Fig. 2b) | Fig. 2, p.2696; text p.2696, p.2703 |
| C11 | claim, mechanism, authors: "are attributed to"; "indicates" | Dark points on crystallites grown from the dispersions are isolated domains of pure polymer or a polymer-rich phase that separated from the molecular dispersion after drug crystallization; the irregular spherulite shape shows that the polymers inhibit the circular extension of crystal growth [rests on: R2; cited: ref 29] | p.2696-2697 |

## 2010 Kestur — Role of polymer chemistry in influencing crystal growth rates from amorphous felodipine · Solid state stability / Miscibility and drug-polymer interactions

[2010-kestur-polymer-chemistry-felodipine-crystal-growth-inhibition](../../../cards/2010-kestur-polymer-chemistry-felodipine-crystal-growth-inhibition/paper.html) · Solid state stability / Miscibility and drug-polymer interactions · measured · as: spherulitic crystal growth

| id | kind | content | locator |
|---|---|---|---|
| R2 | record, measured | crystal morphology — felodipine alone and with 3% PVP, HPMCAS, PVP/VA or PVAc; grown at 80 °C after spontaneous nucleation at 40 °C (P3, P4) — spherulites with a smooth interface with the amorphous matrix, with and without polymer; similar results at other growth temperatures (text); scale bar 100 µm | Fig. 2, p.2392; text p.2392 |
| R4 | record, measured | spherulite diameter versus time (×10⁻⁶ m; all values ≈, read from Fig. 3) — 80 °C; felodipine alone and with 3% polymer; single series per system, no error bars — sub-table below; text: diameter increases linearly with time; slope order felodipine > PVAc > HPMCAS > PVP/VA > PVP | Fig. 3, p.2393; text p.2392 |

## 2010 Kestur — Effects of the Molecular Weight and Concentration of Polymer Additives, and Temperature on the Melt Crystallization Kinetics of a Small Drug Molecule · Solid state stability / Physical stability

[2010-kestur-pvp-mw-concentration-temperature-felodipine-melt-crystallization](../../../cards/2010-kestur-pvp-mw-concentration-temperature-felodipine-melt-crystallization/paper.html) · Solid state stability / Physical stability · measured · as: spherulitic crystal growth

| id | kind | content | locator |
|---|---|---|---|
| R4 | record, measured | morphology of pure felodipine crystals (polarized light) — grown at 70, 80, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110 °C (Fig. 1 a-g; scale bars 50 µm in a, 100 µm in b-g) — all spherulitic; below 100 °C faceted, laterally straight interfaces between crystal and amorphous matrix; interface more zigzag at higher temperature | Fig. 1, p.3587 |
| R5 | record, measured | crystal morphology with 3 wt% PVP of different MW — 3 wt% K-12, K-29/32, K-90 at 90 °C (Fig. 2, scale bars 50 µm); other temperatures (images not shown) — no significant change in macroscopic morphology with PVP regardless of MW; no considerable difference in shape at other temperatures | Fig. 2, p.3588; p.3587 |
| R12 | record, measured | crystal morphology versus PVP K-29/32 concentration — 0, 0.5, 0.75, 1.5, 3, 4.5 wt% at 80 °C (Fig. 6, scale bars 50 µm); 70 and 90-110 °C (images not shown) — two-dimensional spherulitic (disk-like) crystals with a smooth, distinct interface to the melt at every concentration; no difference in macroscopic features at the other temperatures | Fig. 6, p.3590; p.3590-3591 |
| C8 | claim, conclusion, authors: asserted | PVP causes no significant change in the macroscopic crystal morphology, regardless of its molecular weight or concentration [rests on: R5, R12] | p.3587, p.3590-3591 |

## 2010 Rumondor — Effects of Moisture on the Growth Rate of Felodipine Crystals in the Presence and Absence of Polymers · Solid state stability / Physical stability

[2010-rumondor-moisture-felodipine-crystal-growth-pvp-hpmcas](../../../cards/2010-rumondor-moisture-felodipine-crystal-growth-pvp-hpmcas/paper.html) · Solid state stability / Physical stability · measured · as: spherulitic crystal growth

| id | kind | content | locator |
|---|---|---|---|
| R2 | record, measured | crystal morphology, drug alone — P1, P3 — Fig. 1 caption: of seven crystals grown at 86% RH, five grew as tight spherulites at lower rates and two as needles at higher rates; Fig. 2a: round spherulite at 75% RH; Fig. 2b: needle-like crystal at 93% RH (caption calls both crystals spherulitic); text: the abrupt rise in growth rate was accompanied by a change from spherulitic to needle-like morphology | Fig. 1 caption, Fig. 2, p.748; text p.748-749 |
| R4 | record, measured | crystal morphology in HPMCAS films — P2, P4 — text: no smooth spherulites; disrupted spherulitic morphology with irregular boundaries, most evident at the higher polymer level (Fig. 4c, d). Fig. 4: 2.5% HPMCAS at 32% RH (a) and 93% RH (b); 10% HPMCAS at 32% RH (c, elongated crystal with ragged edges) and 93% RH (d, dark irregular crystal); scale bars 0.1 mm | text p.749; Fig. 4, p.750 |
| R6 | record, measured | crystal morphology in PVP films — P2, P4 — text: at 64% RH and below, disrupted spherulitic morphology with separate spherulitic segments, most evident at the higher polymer level (Fig. 6a, c); at 75% RH and above the overall circular shape of the spherulites better maintained. Fig. 6: 2.5% PVP at 33% RH (a) and 93% RH (b); 10% PVP at 33% RH (c, small crystal) and 93% RH (d, large round spherulite); scale bars 0.1 mm | text p.749; Fig. 6, p.751 |

## 2011 Kestur — Influence of polymer chemistry on crystal growth inhibition of two chemically diverse organic molecules · Solid state stability / Miscibility and drug-polymer interactions

[2011-kestur-polymer-chemistry-crystal-growth-bifonazole-nimesulide](../../../cards/2011-kestur-polymer-chemistry-crystal-growth-bifonazole-nimesulide/paper.html) · Solid state stability / Miscibility and drug-polymer interactions · measured · as: spherulitic growth

| id | kind | content | locator |
|---|---|---|---|
| R2 | record, measured | spherulite morphology versus growth temperature — no polymer (Fig. 2); text adds polymers and other temperatures — bifonazole: spherulitic with rough fiber-like features at the interface at 18 °C, smoother interface as temperature rises, slightly less spherulitic with sharper edges at 90 and 100 °C; nimesulide: needle-like features at 18-40 °C, sharp zig-zag edges at 40-60 °C, smooth interface at higher temperatures; similar profiles and spherulitic growth with polymers and at other temperatures; scale bar 100 µm | Fig. 2, p.6714; text p.6714 |
| R4 | record, measured | spherulite size versus time — both drugs (P3) — size increased linearly with time | p.6714 |

## 2013 Kestur — Evaluation of the crystal growth rate of felodipine polymorphs in the presence and absence of additives as a function of temperature · Solid state stability / Physical stability

[2013-kestur-felodipine-polymorph-crystal-growth-pvp-additives](../../../cards/2013-kestur-felodipine-polymorph-crystal-growth-pvp-additives/paper.html) · Solid state stability / Physical stability · measured · as: spherulitic growth

| id | kind | content | locator |
|---|---|---|---|
| R5 | record, measured | morphology of form I grown at the free surface — pure felodipine, no top coverslip (P2) — spherulitic at all temperatures studied; below 40 °C compact and dense with a smooth interface to the amorphous matrix (Fig. 1a, 18 °C); at 45-65 °C less dense with a rougher interface (Fig. 1b, 60 °C); above 70 °C a zigzag-shaped interface (Fig. 1c, 90 °C) | Fig. 1a-c, p.15; text p.7 |
| R6 | record, measured | morphology of form I grown in the bulk — pure felodipine between two coverglasses (P3) — below 40 °C dense compacts with a smooth interface (Fig. 1d, 18 °C); at 50-70 °C fiber-like features: a fiber layer that thickened with time and had a more definite boundary, individual fibers growing out of it faster than the layer and at fiber-dependent rates, fibers sometimes growing from compact crystals (Fig. 1e, 60 °C); at higher temperatures faceted crystals (Fig. 1f, 90 °C); growth rate of the individual fibers at 60 °C not measurable (fiber curvature) | Fig. 1d-f, p.15; text p.7-8, p.11 |
| R7 | record, measured | morphology of form II and of form I with PVP — pure form II in the bulk; form I in 3% PVP dispersions — form II always grew as spherulites; form I with PVP showed features similar to pure form I | p.8 |

## 2013 Kestur — Influence of particle size on the crystallization kinetics of amorphous felodipine powders · Solid state stability / Physical stability

[2013-kestur-particle-size-crystallization-amorphous-felodipine-pvp](../../../cards/2013-kestur-particle-size-crystallization-amorphous-felodipine-pvp/paper.html) · Solid state stability / Physical stability · measured · as: spherulitic growth

| id | kind | content | locator |
|---|---|---|---|
| R11 | record, measured | morphology of form I crystals grown at 30 °C — free surface (a); seeded bulk (b) — (a) circular, radially textured crystal ≈190 µm across; (b) lobed, radially textured crystal with coloured birefringence ≈310 µm across; the two panels are at different magnifications (50 µm scale bars of different length; sizes read from Fig. 8) | Fig. 8, p.202 |

## 2015 Sato — Chiral discrimination by a cellulose polymer: differential crystallization inhibition of enantiomers in amorphous dispersions · Solid state stability / Physical stability

[2015-sato-cellulose-polymer-chiral-crystallization-inhibition-enantiomers](../../../cards/2015-sato-cellulose-polymer-chiral-crystallization-inhibition-enantiomers/paper.html) · Solid state stability / Physical stability · measured · as: spherulitic growth

| id | kind | content | locator |
|---|---|---|---|
| R3 | record, measured | spherulite morphology — ATP(R) melt-quenched films without polymer and with 5% HPMCAS HF, PVP, HPMCP or PHB (P3, P4); growth temperature and time not stated — spherulites in all five samples; scale bar 20 μm | Fig. 2, p.5047 |
| R4 | record, measured | crystal state after melt-quench and size–time relation — films from P3; growth runs P4 — films non-crystalline under cross-polarized light before growth; spherulite size linear in time | p.5047 |

## 2016 Lu — Vemurafenib: A Tetramorphic System Displaying Concomitant Crystallization from the Supercooled Liquid · Solid state stability / Crystallization tendency

[2016-lu-vemurafenib-tetramorphic-cold-crystallization-supercooled-liquid](../../../cards/2016-lu-vemurafenib-tetramorphic-cold-crystallization-supercooled-liquid/paper.html) · Solid state stability / Crystallization tendency · measured · as: spherulitic growth

| id | kind | content | locator |
|---|---|---|---|
| R7 | record, measured | catalogue of crystal morphologies — cold crystallization of the supercooled liquid (P2); labels printed in Fig. 4 — sub-table below | Fig. 4, p.8; text p.9-15 |
| R10 | record, measured | where each form and morphology nucleates and appears, as stated in the text — isothermal cold crystallization 120-270 °C (P2) — sub-table below | p.1, p.9-15, p.21-22; Fig. S2, SI p.1 |

## 2016 Sato — Acceleration of the crystal growth rate of low molecular weight organic compounds in supercooled liquids in the presence of polyhydroxybutylate · Solid state stability / Physical stability

[2016-sato-phb-crystal-growth-supercooled-organic-compounds](../../../cards/2016-sato-phb-crystal-growth-supercooled-organic-compounds/paper.html) · Solid state stability / Physical stability · measured · as: spherulitic growth

| id | kind | content | locator |
|---|---|---|---|
| R2 | record, measured | crystal growth morphology — FLU without and with 5% PHB at 40 °C; DPB without and with 5% PHB at 100 °C (P3) — text: spherulites with a well-defined interface with the supercooled liquid, with and without polymer. Figure: FLU (a, b) several small birefringent spherulites; DPB (c, d) the edge of one large spherulite; scale bars shown, length not printed. APAP with PHB: two crystal morphologies; growth rate given only for the morphology also seen without polymer | Fig. 2, p.2; text p.2, p.3 |
| R5 | record, measured | crystal size (µm) versus time (s), one run per system shown, with straight lines drawn — FLU pure and FLU + 5% PHB at 30 °C (P3) — sub-table below; text: change in diameter with time linear (all growth runs) | Fig. 5A, p.4; text p.2 |
| R6 | record, measured | crystal size (µm) versus time (s), one run per system shown, with straight lines drawn; growth-rate increase factor — GRI pure and GRI + 5% PHB at 120 °C (P3) — sub-table below; text: 5% PHB increases the growth rate of GRI crystals by a factor of about 10 at 120 °C | Fig. 5B, p.4; text p.6 |

## 2017 Tian — Impact of Polymers on the Melt Crystal Growth Rate of Indomethacin Polymorphs · Solid state stability / Physical stability

[2017-tian-polymers-melt-crystal-growth-indomethacin-polymorphs](../../../cards/2017-tian-polymers-melt-crystal-growth-indomethacin-polymorphs/paper.html) · Solid state stability / Physical stability · measured · as: spherulitic growth

| id | kind | content | locator |
|---|---|---|---|
| R2 | record, measured | crystal morphology by polarized light microscopy, pure IDM — δ at 60 °C, α and γ at 80 °C (Fig. 2A-C); δ at 40 and 80 °C (Fig. 2G, H) — δ and α grew as spherulites with clear boundaries to the amorphous phase, distinguishable by appearance; γ a polycrystalline cluster growing from added seeds; α and γ morphology unchanged over the whole temperature range; δ smooth spherulite interface at 40 °C, rougher at higher temperature, needle-like protrusions and fine-grained texture at 80 °C | Fig. 2, p.9; text p.7-8 |
| R5 | record, measured | crystal morphology with polymers — HPMCAS: δ, α, γ at 80 °C (Fig. 2D-F); α and δ at 105 °C (Fig. 2I caption); HPMC and PVP: text only — polymers retarded nucleation and growth from the melt and a higher temperature was used to induce crystallization; γ: same morphology as from pure IDM, unchanged with temperature; δ: similar to pure IDM grown at 40 °C, rougher needle-like interface at higher temperature (text: 115 °C); α: different texture and optical properties from pure IDM, spherulites with smooth interface at 80 °C, densely branched spherulite with rough fibre-like interface at higher temperature; crystals grown with HPMC or PVP similar in morphology to those with HPMCAS (images not shown) | Fig. 2, p.9; text p.10-11 |