# Evidence: plasticization

Parent: — · class: solid-state property · names merged here: plasticization; plasticization and antiplasticization

21 papers measured or used it, 3 only mentioned it (of 207 kept papers). Papers in year order; each section heading ends with the paper's category / subcategory. Generated by tools/build_evidence.py from registry/concepts.csv and the cards; do not edit.

## 2008 Konno — Ability of Different Polymers to Inhibit the Crystallization of Amorphous Felodipine in the Presence of Moisture · Solid state stability / Physical stability

[2008-konno-polymers-inhibit-amorphous-felodipine-moisture-crystallization](../../../cards/2008-konno-polymers-inhibit-amorphous-felodipine-moisture-crystallization/paper.html) · Solid state stability / Physical stability · measured · as: plasticization

| id | kind | content | locator |
|---|---|---|---|
| R6 | record, derived (P8) | reduction in Tg (°C, n = 3) against water content estimated from the sorption data — bulk dispersions with 25% polymer (P2, P6); water from P7 via P8 — sub-table below; each polymer also has a point at 0% water and 0 °C | Fig. 3b, p.972 |
| R9 | record, measured | absorbed water (%) and ΔTg (°C; dry minus 75% RH) versus polymer content — bulk dispersions after 75% RH (P2, P6, P7) — sub-table below | Fig. 6, p.974; text p.974 |
| C14 | claim, conclusion, authors: "as expected"; "it is apparent" | As expected, Tg of the 25% polymer dispersions fell with increasing storage RH; the PVP system fell fastest, water being a more efficient plasticizer for the PVP-containing system [rests on: R5, R6] | p.972-973 |
| C20 | claim, generalisation, authors: asserted ("it is obvious") | Plasticization of the dispersions by water is directly related to the hygroscopicity of the polymer used [rests on: R9] | p.974 |

## 2008 Marsac — Spontaneous Crystallinity Loss of Drugs in the Disordered Regions of Poly(Ethylene Oxide) in the Presence of Water · Solid state stability / PEG dispersions

[2008-marsac-peo-water-spontaneous-drug-crystallinity-loss](../../../cards/2008-marsac-peo-water-spontaneous-drug-crystallinity-loss/paper.html) · Solid state stability / PEG dispersions · used · as: plasticization

| id | kind | content | locator |
|---|---|---|---|
| C26 | claim, mechanism, authors: "may"; "will plasticize" | Water may speed the transformation toward an equilibrium of crystalline drug, a saturated drug solution in a water-PEO cosolvent and crystalline PEO; water (Tg −136 °C) plasticizes the amorphous PEO (Tg about −67 °C), lowering viscosity and raising the dissolution rate [rests on: argument only; M7, M12] | p.3190-3191 |
| C25 | claim, mechanism, authors: discussion: "it can be argued", "two potential mechanisms"; conclusions: "is thought to"; abstract: asserted ("it was found") | Water facilitates the transformation by two mechanisms: raising the molecular mobility (lowering the viscosity) of the disordered PEO regions, and lowering PEO crystallinity (through deliquescence) so that more polymer can act as solvent [rests on: R9, R11, R13] | p.3190; p.3192; p.3182 |

## 2010 Rumondor — Effect of Polymer Hygroscopicity on the Phase Behavior of Amorphous Solid Dispersions in the Presence of Moisture · Solid state stability / Physical stability

[2010-rumondor-polymer-hygroscopicity-moisture-phase-separation-asd](../../../cards/2010-rumondor-polymer-hygroscopicity-moisture-phase-separation-asd/paper.html) · Solid state stability / Physical stability · used · as: plasticization

| id | kind | content | locator |
|---|---|---|---|
| C25 | claim, prior hypothesis, authors: asserted ("it was concluded") | Higher molecular mobility from water plasticization alone did not induce immiscibility in PVP dispersions, so the thermodynamics of the system must be considered [rests on: cited: ref 10; R22] | p.488 |
| C32 | claim, mechanism, authors: "it is possible that" | Alternatively, HPMCAS dispersions may not demix because they absorb less water and are less plasticized (lower molecular mobility), as the Tg values after 75% RH of ref 9 illustrate [rests on: R21; cited: ref 9] | p.489 |
| R21 | record, cited | Tg after storage at 75% RH — felodipine dispersions with 25 wt% polymer (ref 9) — felodipine-HPMCAS around 35 °C; felodipine-PVP around 31 °C | p.489 |

## 2014 Mosqueragiraldo — Impact of surfactants on the crystal growth of amorphous celecoxib · Solid state stability / Physical stability

[2014-mosquera-giraldo-surfactants-crystal-growth-amorphous-celecoxib](../../../cards/2014-mosquera-giraldo-surfactants-crystal-growth-amorphous-celecoxib/paper.html) · Solid state stability / Physical stability · used · as: plasticization

| id | kind | content | locator |
|---|---|---|---|
| C28 | claim, mechanism, authors: "are expected to" | The low melting points of sucrose palmitate (48 °C) and TPGS (37–41 °C) are expected to give these compounds lower glass transition temperatures than celecoxib [rests on: cited: Szuts et al. 2007; Wang et al. 2011] | p.255 |
| C29 | claim, generalisation, authors: "It is well known"; "can consequently enhance" | Low-molecular-weight compounds with a low Tg increase molecular mobility and can therefore enhance crystal growth rates, as water does for felodipine and indomethacin [rests on: R18] | p.255 |
| C30 | claim, mechanism, authors: "appear to behave"; "fairly close"; "indicating"; "most likely" | The miscible surfactants appear to behave like small-molecule additives that depress the Tg of the system and enhance growth; after correction for Tg the growth rates of the surfactant systems are fairly close, so their main effect is most likely on the mobility of celecoxib molecules [rests on: R5, R12] | p.255 |
| C40 | claim, generalisation, authors: "it would be expected" | In general, a surfactant that is miscible with the drug and plasticizes it would be expected to increase the growth rate [rests on: R1, R5] | p.256 |

## 2016 Li — Nanoscale Infrared, Thermal, and Mechanical Characterization of Telaprevir-Polymer Miscibility in Amorphous Solid Dispersions Prepared by Solvent Evaporation · Solid state stability / Miscibility and drug-polymer interactions

[2016-li-telaprevir-polymer-miscibility-nanoscale-afm-ir](../../../cards/2016-li-telaprevir-polymer-miscibility-nanoscale-afm-ir/paper.html) · Solid state stability / Miscibility and drug-polymer interactions · used · as: plasticization

| id | kind | content | locator |
|---|---|---|---|
| C30 | claim, mechanism, authors: "most likely"; "confirmed" | The continuous phase (around 156 °C) is an HPMC-rich phase that softens below pure HPMC, most likely through plasticization by amorphous TPV; this confirms partial TPV-HPMC miscibility in the separated domains [rests on: R16.f, R16.b] | p.20 |

## 2018 Moseson — The application of temperature-composition phase diagrams for hot melt extrusion processing of amorphous solid dispersions to prevent residual crystallinity · ASD process / ASD process

[2018-moseson-temperature-composition-phase-diagrams-hme-asd-residual-crystallinity](../../../cards/2018-moseson-temperature-composition-phase-diagrams-hme-asd-residual-crystallinity/paper.html) · ASD process / ASD process · used · as: plasticization

| id | kind | content | locator |
|---|---|---|---|
| C45 | claim, mechanism, authors: asserted | For this extruder and formulation a Tmin of 117 °C was observed because the matrix viscosity falls quickly as IDM dissolves into and plasticizes the polymer [rests on: R9] | p.28 |
| C52 | claim, mechanism, authors: asserted | Through the Noyes-Whitney equation: the diffusion coefficient rises with temperature or lower viscosity; viscosity falls as the drug dissolves and plasticizes the polymer, as for this system; higher screw speeds and shear thin the boundary layer and speed dissolution [rests on: E5; cited: ref 2] | p.32 |

## 2021 Que — Impact of Drug−Polymer Intermolecular Interactions on Dissolution Performance of Copovidone-Based Amorphous Solid Dispersions · Dissolution / A. Release mechanism and LoC

[2021-que-drug-polymer-interactions-loc-copovidone-asd](../../../cards/2021-que-drug-polymer-interactions-loc-copovidone-asd/paper.html) · Dissolution / A. Release mechanism and LoC · used · as: plasticization

| id | kind | content | locator |
|---|---|---|---|
| C42 | claim, mechanism, authors: asserted | (Literature) A glassy polymer such as PVPVA dissolves by solvent penetration into a plasticized gel and chain disentanglement followed by diffusion; solvent quality (Flory−Huggins χ) matters; neat PVPVA sorbs much water at high water activity, its Tg falls below room temperature, and it gels and dissolves rapidly. [rests on: cited: refs 15, 43, 45−47] | Section 5, p.3505−3506 |
| C44 | claim, mechanism, authors: "We can rationalize"; "if"; "anticipated"; "could explain" | Proposed rationale: a drug−polymer interaction that persists in water occupies a polymer solvation site and lowers the solvent fraction (as in vapour sorption of hydrogen-bonded ASDs); if this holds in the medium, lower water uptake would reduce plasticization (slower solvent penetration) and disentanglement, lowering polymer dissolution and hence drug release, which could explain the lower LoCs of PHPH/PVPVA and TIPP/PVPVA. [rests on: argument only; cited: refs 44−47] | Section 5, p.3506 |

## 2021 Saboo — Exploring the Role of Surfactants in Enhancing Drug Release from Amorphous Solid Dispersions at Higher Drug Loadings · Dissolution / A. Release mechanism and LoC

[2021-saboo-tpgs-felodipine-pvpva-asd-release-high-loading](../../../cards/2021-saboo-tpgs-felodipine-pvpva-asd-release-high-loading/paper.html) · Dissolution / A. Release mechanism and LoC · measured · as: plasticization

| id | kind | content | locator |
|---|---|---|---|
| R5 | record, measured | glass transition temperature (inflection point, °C, ±) — P5; 30% DL felodipine-PVPVA ASDs at four TPGS levels and neat components — sub-table below; text: every ASD showed a single Tg and no melting endotherm | Table 2, p.7 |
| C43 | claim, mechanism, authors: "could be related"; "should theoretically"; "may compete"; conclusions: "may also play a role" | TPGS acts as a plasticizer that lowers Tg and raises molecular mobility; a lower Tg should let polymer disentanglement start with less water, favour polymer dissolution, and so compete with phase separation and prevent the drug-rich surface layer; conclusions: higher mobility may also play a role in the higher LoC [rests on: R5; cited: refs 47, 49] | p.17, p.19 |

## 2021 Yang — Drug Release and Nanodroplet Formation from Amorphous Solid Dispersions: Insight into the Roles of Drug Physicochemical Properties and Polymer Selection · Dissolution / A. Release mechanism and LoC

[2021-yang-asd-nanodroplet-release-drug-properties-polymer-selection](../../../cards/2021-yang-asd-nanodroplet-release-drug-properties-polymer-selection/paper.html) · Dissolution / A. Release mechanism and LoC · used · as: plasticization

| id | kind | content | locator |
|---|---|---|---|
| E3 | equation | water plasticization Tg rule of thumb: Tg lowered by 10 °C for every 1% w/w water absorbed | p.2069 |
| P9 | method | wet Tg estimate from water sorption | p.2069 |
| C31 | claim, mechanism, authors: "It is feasible" | The higher HPMCAS release rate at 5% loratadine than for neat HPMCAS may reflect plasticization by a small amount of a low-Tg compound [rests on: R18] | Discussion p.2078 |
| C32 | claim, mechanism, authors: "would be anticipated" | More low-polarity drug should reduce water penetration, solvent fraction and water plasticization, lowering polymer release rate, as seen for some systems in Figs. 8 and 11 [rests on: R18, R21] | Discussion p.2078 |

## 2022 Soto — Impact of Surfactants on the Performance of Clopidogrel-Copovidone Amorphous Solid Dispersions: Increased Drug Loading and Stabilization of Nanodroplets · Dissolution / A. Release mechanism and LoC

[2022-correa-soto-surfactants-clopidogrel-copovidone-asd-nanodroplets](../../../cards/2022-correa-soto-surfactants-clopidogrel-copovidone-asd-nanodroplets/paper.html) · Dissolution / A. Release mechanism and LoC · used · as: plasticization

| id | kind | content | locator |
|---|---|---|---|
| C48 | claim, mechanism, authors: discussion: "consistent with"; conclusions: "is thought to" | Polymer dissolution depends on matrix Tg relative to the dissolution temperature; CPD (Tg −9 °C) lowers the ASD Tg, so the faster PVPVA release in the binary ASDs is a plasticization effect, as for PEO in PMMA [rests on: R18, R26, R30; cited: refs 82, 83, 85] | p.183-185 |
| R30 | record, cited | dissolution of a plasticized polymer — PMMA with 20 wt% PEO (ref 85) — dissolution rate increased by a factor of two | p.184 |

## 2022 Correasoto — Role of surfactants in improving release from higher drug loading amorphous solid dispersions · Dissolution / A. Release mechanism and LoC

[2022-correa-soto-surfactants-higher-drug-loading-atazanavir-pvpva-asds](../../../cards/2022-correa-soto-surfactants-higher-drug-loading-atazanavir-pvpva-asds/paper.html) · Dissolution / A. Release mechanism and LoC · measured · as: plasticization

| id | kind | content | locator |
|---|---|---|---|
| R13 | record, measured | Tg (°C) of ATZ:surfactant 2:1 blends and of 10% DL ASDs (mean ± SD; n not stated); neat-additive Tg column is in B1 — P1, P2, P4 — sub-table below | Table 1, p.8 |
| R20 | record, derived (P1; E3) | Tg depression relative to binary ATZ 10% DL (°C) and release enhancement factor relative to binary ATZ 10% DL (percent release at 90 min) — 10% DL ternary ASDs, 37 °C — sub-table below; text: surfactant reduced ASD Tg by 7–16 °C (p.6), by as much as 15 °C (p.9); low-MW additives (below 500 D) enhance release by a factor of ~25–35 (p.10) | Table 3, p.10; text p.6, p.9, p.10 |
| C39 | claim, mechanism, authors: asserted | Plasticization of the ASD arises because the additives have low Tg values, measured or expected from molecular and physical properties [rests on: R13, R20; M3-M10] | p.9 |
| C40 | claim, mechanism, authors: abstract: "We speculate"; "may facilitate"; "possible explanation"; discussion: "Our supposition"; "at least in part"; conclusions: "it is postulated"; "still not completely clear" | Improved release with surfactants or VP is due, at least in part, to plasticization raising polymer-chain mobility, which improves polymer release in the presence of the drug and hence drug release; surfactants also enhance water penetration into the matrix; polymer dissolution is necessary for drug release; the mechanism is not completely clear [rests on: R2, R3, R13, R20, R10, R11] | p.1, p.9, p.10 |
| C44 | claim, conclusion, authors: "consistent with" | The higher water content of the SDS and Span®80 ASDs at high RH is consistent with plasticization and an increase in free volume [rests on: R16] | p.9 |

## 2022 Duong — Combining enabling formulation strategies to generate supersaturated solutions of delamanid: In situ salt formation during amorphous solid dispersion fabrication for more robust release profiles · Dissolution / B. Supersaturation from ASD dissolution

[2022-duong-delamanid-in-situ-salt-asd-release](../../../cards/2022-duong-delamanid-in-situ-salt-asd-release/paper.html) · Dissolution / B. Supersaturation from ASD dissolution · measured · as: plasticization

| id | kind | content | locator |
|---|---|---|---|
| R9 | record, measured | Tg of free-base ASDs by DSC (°C, values printed on the thermograms) — P8, P10 — sub-table below; text: Tg of the ASDs lowered with increasing DL | Fig. 3B, p.136; text p.135 |
| C14 | claim, conclusion, authors: asserted | DLM is an effective plasticizer of the polymers, and ASD hygroscopicity decreases with increasing DL [rests on: R9, R10] | p.135 |
| C27 | claim, mechanism, authors: "appeared"; "presumably" | The mesylate, esylate, tosylate, besylate and closylate salts appeared to liquefy at 40 °C/75% RH, presumably through strong plasticization by water [rests on: R20.g, R19] | p.138 |

## 2022 Indulkar — Role of Surfactants on Release Performance of Amorphous Solid Dispersions of Ritonavir and Copovidone · Dissolution / A. Release mechanism and LoC

[2022-indulkar-surfactants-ritonavir-copovidone-asd-release-performance](../../../cards/2022-indulkar-surfactants-ritonavir-copovidone-asd-release-performance/paper.html) · Dissolution / A. Release mechanism and LoC · used · as: plasticization

| id | kind | content | locator |
|---|---|---|---|
| C40 | claim, prior hypothesis, authors: asserted ("well documented"); "can" | Surfactants can induce crystallization by lowering the interfacial energy of new surfaces, by affecting solute attachment, molecular ordering and templating, and by plasticization that lowers the Tg of the ASD matrix and raises drug mobility [rests on: cited: refs 52-59] | p.394 |
| C48 | claim, mechanism, authors: "could possibly"; "may"; conclusions: "may be related" | Tween 80 and TPGS could possibly partition into the drug-rich droplets and lower their Tg, making the surfactant-loaded droplets more prone to coalescence than neat drug droplets [rests on: R11, R13] | p.395 |

## 2022 Yang — Release mechanisms of amorphous solid dispersions: Role of drug-polymer phase separation and morphology · Dissolution / A. Release mechanism and LoC

[2022-yang-release-mechanisms-rtv-pvpva-asd-phase-separation-morphology](../../../cards/2022-yang-release-mechanisms-rtv-pvpva-asd-phase-separation-morphology/paper.html) · Dissolution / A. Release mechanism and LoC · used · as: plasticization

| id | kind | content | locator |
|---|---|---|---|
| C23 | claim, mechanism, authors: asserted | The gel layer forms by plasticization of the polymer chains into a rubbery state after water penetration, which greatly lowers the glass transition temperature of the ASD matrix [rests on: R5, R7; cited: refs 34, 36-42 (p.22)] | pdf p.10 |
| C41 | claim, prior hypothesis, authors: asserted ("well understood"; "typically") | Polymer dissolution proceeds by solvent penetration and chain disentanglement: plasticization turns the glassy matrix into a rubbery gel layer with a sharp glass-gel interface; chains disentangle at the solvent-gel interface and diffuse away; when disentanglement is slower than water penetration the gel layer grows and becomes a barrier to water, until a steady state at equal rates; steady-state gel layers range from hundreds of microns to millimeters [rests on: cited: refs 34, 36-46; R20] | pdf p.22 |

## 2022 Yang — Phase separation in surfactant-containing amorphous solid dispersions: Orthogonal analytical methods to probe the effects of surfactants on morphology and phase composition · Solid state stability / Physical stability

[2022-yang-surfactant-containing-rtv-pvpva-asd-phase-separation](../../../cards/2022-yang-surfactant-containing-rtv-pvpva-asd-phase-separation/paper.html) · Solid state stability / Physical stability · used · as: plasticization

| id | kind | content | locator |
|---|---|---|---|
| C54 | claim, mechanism, authors: "will be likely altered"; "would also move" | Adding a surfactant likely shifts the spinodal and binodal lines, and plasticization by surfactants would move the vitrification line, so composition paths cross it in different regions, giving different phase separation mechanisms and morphologies. [rests on: argument only; Tg in SI Table S2] | §5.4, p.14 |
| C58 | claim, mechanism, authors: "likely"; "would" | The Spans sit mainly in the drug-rich phase, plasticize it and likely change the phase diagram; higher mobility from plasticization and lower viscosity would speed phase separation and ripening (rapid coalescence in Fig. 3e,f); with no surfactant at the interface, domains coalesce quickly into irregular shapes. [rests on: R7, R8, R20, R21; Tg in SI Table S2] | §5.4, p.14 |
| X13 | extractor note | claim-data gap — Plasticization by the Spans and the vitrification-line shift rest on Tg values in SI Table S2; no Tg value appears in the main text. — C58, C54, P10 — plasticization claim cannot be checked from the main text |  |

## 2023 Correasoto — Release Enhancement by Plasticizer Inclusion for Amorphous Solid Dispersions Containing High Tg Drugs · Dissolution / A. Release mechanism and LoC

[2023-correa-soto-plasticizer-release-enhancement-high-tg-pvpva-asds](../../../cards/2023-correa-soto-plasticizer-release-enhancement-high-tg-pvpva-asds/paper.html) · Dissolution / A. Release mechanism and LoC · measured · as: plasticization

| id | kind | content | locator |
|---|---|---|---|
| R9 | record, measured; row a Tg cited (ref 16) | Tg and % LED released by 90 min — 10% DL LED-PVPVA ASDs with 5 or 10% w/w TEC or TEAC; P7, P3 — sub-table below | Table I, p.783 |
| R17 | record, measured (Tg, mean ± SD, n = 3); derived (Tg reduction) | Tg of ATZ:plasticizer 8:1 amorphous mixtures and reduction versus neat amorphous ATZ — P8 — sub-table below | Table II, p.785 |
| R18 | record, measured (Tg, mean ± SD, n = 3); derived (Tg reduction) | Tg of LED:plasticizer 8:1 amorphous mixtures and reduction versus neat amorphous LED — P8 — sub-table below | Table III, p.785 |
| R23 | record, measured | Tg of plasticized ASDs and of PVPVA with plasticizer — Table S2 (SI, not supplied) — text: ASDs containing plasticizers had reduced Tgs compared with the binary ASD; PVPVA with GTB or TBC had a Tg reduction of about 30 °C | p.787, p.788 |
| C30 | claim, conclusion, authors: asserted ("clearly") | ASDs containing plasticizers had lower Tgs than the binary ASD, as anticipated; based on Tg measurements the additives clearly plasticize the ASD matrix [rests on: R23, R9] | p.787 |

## 2023 Deac — Dissolution Mechanisms of Amorphous Solid Dispersions: A Close Look at the Dissolution Interface · Dissolution / A. Release mechanism and LoC

[2023-deac-asd-dissolution-interface](../../../cards/2023-deac-asd-dissolution-interface/paper.html) · Dissolution / A. Release mechanism and LoC · used · as: plasticization

| id | kind | content | locator |
|---|---|---|---|
| C50 | claim, mechanism, authors: asserted ("must be attributed"); "may be explained" | The rise in release rate up to 20% DL must come from faster water penetration into the glassy core and faster chain release from the gel surface; faster water penetration may be explained by the thinner gel (Fick's law) and by MePHPH (onset Tg ~23 °C) plasticizing the dry polymer, which raises free volume and mobility, as residual solvent does in polymer glasses [rests on: R4, M2; cited: refs 23, 36, 43] | p.2230 |
| C51 | claim, mechanism, authors: "A possible explanation" | Polymer release increased faster than water penetration, as the gel thinned; a possible explanation is faster initial water entry from drug plasticization plus phase separation moving most water into the hydrophilic phase, diluting the chains so they reach the disentanglement point sooner [rests on: R4] | p.2230 |

## 2023 Nguyen — Fed- and Fasted-State Performance of Pretomanid Amorphous Solid Dispersions Formulated with an Enteric Polymer · Bioperformance / Bioperformance

[2023-nguyen-pretomanid-hpmcas-asd-fed-fasted-performance](../../../cards/2023-nguyen-pretomanid-hpmcas-asd-fed-fasted-performance/paper.html) · Bioperformance / Bioperformance · measured · as: plasticization

| id | kind | content | locator |
|---|---|---|---|
| R13 | record, measured | glass transition temperature versus TPGS/drug ratio (°C) — PTM-HF-TPGS ASDs, 20 and 25% DL (P4, P9) — 20% DL: 0% ≈79, 5% ≈76.5, 10% ≈74, 20% ≈73, 40% ≈63; 25% DL: 0% ≈75, 5% ≈70.5, 10% ≈68, 20% ≈64, 50% ≈53 (read from Fig. S6) | Fig. S6, SI p.5; text p.3175 |
| C22 | claim, conclusion, authors: asserted | TPGS plasticized the ASD and lowered its Tg [rests on: R13] | p.3175 |

## 2023 Yang — Drug Release from Surfactant-Containing Amorphous Solid Dispersions: Mechanism and Role of Surfactant in Release Enhancement · Dissolution / A. Release mechanism and LoC

[2023-yang-surfactant-containing-asd-release-enhancement](../../../cards/2023-yang-surfactant-containing-asd-release-enhancement/paper.html) · Dissolution / A. Release mechanism and LoC · measured · as: plasticization

| id | kind | content | locator |
|---|---|---|---|
| R22 | record, measured | onset Tg, mean (SD) — amorphous RTV and RTV–Span mixtures (P3, P17), n=3 — see R22 sub-table | Table III, p.2840; text p.2834 |
| C11 | claim, mechanism, authors: abstract: asserted ("highlighted as two key mechanisms"); conclusion: appeared to, is attributed to | Surfactants other than SDS disrupted formation and persistence of the drug-rich barrier at the gel–solvent interface, allowing release at slightly higher DLs; this disruption is attributed to plasticization, distinct from the miscibility effect of SDS. [rests on: R2, R8, R22; cited: R24] | Abstract, p.2817; Conclusion, p.2843 |
| C35 | claim, mechanism, authors: results: would be expected; discussion: can lead | Spans partition into the drug-rich phase and lower its Tg, so drug-rich domains from Span ASDs should have lower Tg than in the binary system; the higher mobility can speed ripening and change morphology. [rests on: R22; cited: R24, ref 23] | Results, p.2834; Discussion, p.2841 |

## 2025 Junior — Release performance and crystallization of racemic and enantiopure praziquantel amorphous solid dispersion in various media · Dissolution / B. Supersaturation from ASD dissolution

[2025-alvarenga-praziquantel-racemic-enantiopure-asd-release-crystallization-media](../../../cards/2025-alvarenga-praziquantel-racemic-enantiopure-asd-release-crystallization-media/paper.html) · Dissolution / B. Supersaturation from ASD dissolution · used · as: plasticization

| id | kind | content | locator |
|---|---|---|---|
| C46 | claim, mechanism, authors: would; could | From the low drug Tg values, the drugs would plasticize both polymers, so X-ray amorphous extrudates could be made at reasonable temperatures [rests on: E2, R5] | Section 4.4, p. 1135 |
| E2 | equation | HME processing temperature window: typical HME processing temperature exceeds the drug's melting point and is 15–60 °C higher than the polymer's glass transition temperature; the latter criterion can be reduced if the drug plasticizes the polymer | Section 4.4, p. 1135 |

## 2025 Hiew — The importance of surface composition and wettability on the dissolution performance of high drug loading amorphous dispersion formulations · Dissolution / A. Release mechanism and LoC

[2025-hiew-surface-composition-wettability-high-drug-loading-asd](../../../cards/2025-hiew-surface-composition-wettability-high-drug-loading-asd/paper.html) · Dissolution / A. Release mechanism and LoC · used · as: plasticization

| id | kind | content | locator |
|---|---|---|---|
| C56 | claim, prior hypothesis, authors: asserted; "postulated" | SDS has been shown to raise release from high DL ASDs, postulated through plasticization and higher molecular mobility, and to promote de-aggregation of particles [rests on: cited: refs 45-47] | p.302 |
| C58 | claim, caveat, authors: asserted ("should be approached with caution"; "warranted") | SDS is also a plasticizer; plasticization can predispose amorphous formulations to phase separation and recrystallization, so the effect of SDS on cPAD stability needs study, and a balance between wetting and stability risk is desirable [rests on: cited: refs 48-50] | p.302 |

## Mentioned only

- 2009 Marsac — [2009-marsac-drug-polymer-miscibility-solubility-asd-interaction-parameters](../../../cards/2009-marsac-drug-polymer-miscibility-solubility-asd-interaction-parameters/paper.html) · Solid state stability / Miscibility and drug-polymer interactions (ref C6)
- 2010 Kestur — [2010-kestur-polymer-chemistry-felodipine-crystal-growth-inhibition](../../../cards/2010-kestur-polymer-chemistry-felodipine-crystal-growth-inhibition/paper.html) · Solid state stability / Miscibility and drug-polymer interactions (ref C31)
- 2022 Moseson — [2022-moseson-amorphization-kinetics-hme-particle-engineering](../../../cards/2022-moseson-amorphization-kinetics-hme-particle-engineering/paper.html) · ASD process / ASD process (ref C38)