# Evidence: hydrophilic-lipophilic balance

Parent: — · class: molecular interaction · names merged here: hydrophilic-lipophilic balance; hydrophilic–lipophilic balance

6 papers measured or used it, 0 only mentioned it (of 207 kept papers). Papers in year order; each section heading ends with the paper's category / subcategory. Generated by tools/build_evidence.py from registry/concepts.csv and the cards; do not edit.

## 2019 Que — Insights into the Dissolution Behavior of Ledipasvir-Copovidone Amorphous Solid Dispersions: Role of Drug Loading and Intermolecular Interactions · Dissolution / A. Release mechanism and LoC

[2019-que-ledipasvir-copovidone-asd-loc-interactions](../../../cards/2019-que-ledipasvir-copovidone-asd-loc-interactions/paper.html) · Dissolution / A. Release mechanism and LoC · used · as: hydrophilic-lipophilic balance

| id | kind | content | locator |
|---|---|---|---|
| C12 | claim, conclusion, authors: asserted | The more hydrophilic surfactants poloxamer 407 and SDS raised the LoC to 7.5% and 30% DL; at 7.5% DL both released congruently, more slowly with poloxamer 407; with SDS release was slightly slower at 30% and very limited at 40% DL [rests on: R7, R8, R9] | p.15, p.38, p.39 |
| A2 | scope item | surfactant type — Span 85, Tween 80, vitamin E TPGS, poloxamer 407, SDS — 5 parts per 100 parts drug + polymer; 7.5% DL screen — drug and polymer release |  |

## 2022 Soto — Impact of Surfactants on the Performance of Clopidogrel-Copovidone Amorphous Solid Dispersions: Increased Drug Loading and Stabilization of Nanodroplets · Dissolution / A. Release mechanism and LoC

[2022-correa-soto-surfactants-clopidogrel-copovidone-asd-nanodroplets](../../../cards/2022-correa-soto-surfactants-clopidogrel-copovidone-asd-nanodroplets/paper.html) · Dissolution / A. Release mechanism and LoC · used · as: hydrophilic-lipophilic balance

| id | kind | content | locator |
|---|---|---|---|
| R1 | record, measured (CMC); cited (HLB) | critical micelle concentration and HLB — surfactants in 50 mM PB pH 6.8, 37 °C (P4, P5); F = fluorescence, ST = surface tension — sub-table below | Table I, p.173; text p.175 |
| C42 | claim, mechanism, authors: "most likely" | The higher effective concentration of SDS reflects its high HLB and weaker tendency to sit at the interface than the non-ionics, consistent with its higher CMC [rests on: R24, R1] | p.182 |

## 2022 Correasoto — Role of surfactants in improving release from higher drug loading amorphous solid dispersions · Dissolution / A. Release mechanism and LoC

[2022-correa-soto-surfactants-higher-drug-loading-atazanavir-pvpva-asds](../../../cards/2022-correa-soto-surfactants-higher-drug-loading-atazanavir-pvpva-asds/paper.html) · Dissolution / A. Release mechanism and LoC · used · as: hydrophilic-lipophilic balance

| id | kind | content | locator |
|---|---|---|---|
| M3 | material | sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO); solid at room temperature | p.2, p.4 |
| C50 | claim, generalisation, authors: "does not appear" | For the low-MW additives, surfactant chemistry (charge, hydrophilicity) does not appear to affect their ability to promote release substantially: SDS, CTAB and Span®80 have the same enhancement factor, and Span®80 and VP similar factors [rests on: R20] | p.10 |
| X8 | extractor note | source inconsistency — Table 3 lists Span®80 with CMC 14 µg/mL and HLB 15, identical to Tween®80 and higher than TPGS (13.2), while the text calls Span®80 "more lipophilic" and "hydrophobic" and contrasts it with hydrophilic VP — M8, C50 — do not use the Table 3 HLB of Span®80 without checking another source |  |

## 2022 Indulkar — Role of Surfactants on Release Performance of Amorphous Solid Dispersions of Ritonavir and Copovidone · Dissolution / A. Release mechanism and LoC

[2022-indulkar-surfactants-ritonavir-copovidone-asd-release-performance](../../../cards/2022-indulkar-surfactants-ritonavir-copovidone-asd-release-performance/paper.html) · Dissolution / A. Release mechanism and LoC · used · as: hydrophilic-lipophilic balance

| id | kind | content | locator |
|---|---|---|---|
| M4 | material | SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate) Sigma Aldrich | p.383, p.384 |
| M5 | material | Tween 80 Sigma Aldrich; drawn with w+x+y+z = 20 (Fig. 1) | p.383 |
| M6 | material | TPGS (D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate) BASF (Ludwigshafen, Germany) | p.383 |
| M7 | material | Span 20 Sigma Aldrich | p.383 |
| M8 | material | Span 85 Sigma Aldrich | p.383 |
| C64 | claim, conclusion, authors: asserted | No correlation was observed between the physicochemical properties of the surfactants and their performance [rests on: R21; M4-M8] | p.381 |

## 2022 Yang — Phase separation in surfactant-containing amorphous solid dispersions: Orthogonal analytical methods to probe the effects of surfactants on morphology and phase composition · Solid state stability / Physical stability

[2022-yang-surfactant-containing-rtv-pvpva-asd-phase-separation](../../../cards/2022-yang-surfactant-containing-rtv-pvpva-asd-phase-separation/paper.html) · Solid state stability / Physical stability · used · as: hydrophilic–lipophilic balance

| id | kind | content | locator |
|---|---|---|---|
| M3 | material | Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO) | §1, p.2; §2, p.2 |
| M4 | material | Tween 80 (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate) Sigma-Aldrich | §1, p.2; §2, p.2 |
| M5 | material | Span 20 (sorbitan monolaurate) Sigma-Aldrich | §1, p.2; §2, p.2 |
| M6 | material | Span 85 (sorbitan trioleate) Sigma-Aldrich | §1, p.2; §2, p.2 |
| C35 | claim, generalisation, authors: "is expected"; "are expected" | Surfactant location follows hydrophilicity: hydrophilic SDS partitions into the more hydrophilic phase and the hydrophobic Spans into the more hydrophobic phase. [rests on: R18, R20, R21] | §4.6, p.9 |
| C61 | claim, generalisation, authors: asserted | Across the four surfactants, the most hydrophilic (SDS) resides mainly in the polymer-rich phase and the more hydrophobic ones preferentially in drug-rich domains. [rests on: R18, R19, R20, R21] | §6, p.15 |

## 2023 Yang — Drug Release from Surfactant-Containing Amorphous Solid Dispersions: Mechanism and Role of Surfactant in Release Enhancement · Dissolution / A. Release mechanism and LoC

[2023-yang-surfactant-containing-asd-release-enhancement](../../../cards/2023-yang-surfactant-containing-asd-release-enhancement/paper.html) · Dissolution / A. Release mechanism and LoC · used · as: hydrophilic–lipophilic balance

| id | kind | content | locator |
|---|---|---|---|
| M3 | material | Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO) | Materials, p.2819; Fig. 1f, p.2820 |
| M4 | material | Tween 80 (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate) Sigma-Aldrich; structure drawn with w+x+y+z=20 | Materials, p.2819; Fig. 1c, p.2820 |
| M5 | material | Span 20 (sorbitan monolaurate) Sigma-Aldrich | Materials, p.2819; Fig. 1d, p.2820 |
| M6 | material | Span 85 (sorbitan trioleate) Sigma-Aldrich | Materials, p.2819; Fig. 1e, p.2820 |